What Is the CISSP? Glossary & Key Terms

ISC2
The nonprofit organization that develops and administers the CISSP certification and other information security credentials.
CBK (Common Body of Knowledge)
The comprehensive framework of topics and domains that define the scope of knowledge covered by the CISSP exam.
CAT (Computerized Adaptive Testing)
An exam delivery method where question difficulty adjusts in real time based on the test-taker's prior answers.
Pearson VUE
The third-party testing vendor that administers the CISSP exam at authorized test centers.
Associate of ISC2
A designation for candidates who pass the CISSP exam but have not yet met the full required work experience.
CIA Triad
The foundational security model of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability that guides control selection and risk assessment.
Confidentiality
The security property ensuring that information is accessible only to authorized individuals or systems.
Integrity
The security property ensuring that data remains accurate and unaltered except by authorized action.
Availability
The security property ensuring that systems and data are accessible to authorized users when needed.
Non-repudiation
A security property ensuring that a party cannot deny having performed an action, typically enforced through digital signatures and logging.
Least Privilege
The security principle of granting subjects only the minimum access rights necessary to perform their duties.
Separation of Duties
A control that splits a sensitive task among multiple people to prevent any one person from committing fraud or error undetected.
Defense in Depth
A security strategy that layers multiple independent controls so no single point of failure compromises the entire system.
DAC (Discretionary Access Control)
An access control model in which the data owner determines and assigns permissions to other users.
MAC (Mandatory Access Control)
An access control model where the operating system enforces access based on predefined security classifications and clearances.
RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
An access control model that assigns permissions to users based on their organizational role rather than individual identity.
SLE (Single Loss Expectancy)
The projected monetary loss from a single instance of a risk event, calculated as asset value multiplied by exposure factor.
ALE (Annualized Loss Expectancy)
The expected yearly financial loss from a given risk, calculated as SLE multiplied by the annualized rate of occurrence.
ARO (Annualized Rate of Occurrence)
An estimate of how many times a specific risk event is expected to occur in a given year.
RTO (Recovery Time Objective)
The target maximum duration allowed to restore a system or process after a disruption.
RPO (Recovery Point Objective)
The maximum tolerable amount of data loss measured in time, dictating how frequently backups must occur.
SIEM (Security Information and Event Management)
A platform that collects, correlates, and analyzes security event data across an organization to enable detection and response.
Penetration Testing
An authorized, simulated attack against a system used to identify and exploit vulnerabilities to assess real-world security risk.
Data Remanence
Residual traces of data left on storage media after deletion attempts, which can potentially be recovered by unauthorized parties.
Threat Modeling
A proactive process of identifying, categorizing, and prioritizing potential threats and attack vectors against a system during design.